Halaman 2 - Diskektomi Servikal Anterior dan Fusi Dokter Terbaik - TOP-60 dokter

Professor Shimon Rohkind MD is an experienced neurosurgeon and pediatric neurosurgeon with over 35 years of practice. He is an expert in neurosurgery, spinal surgery, and peripheral nerve microsurgery, and he uses modern laser and bioengineering technologies to perform the most complex operations with minimal risk of complications. He is also involved in scientific research and is a member of the Israeli Society of Laser Neurotechnologies and the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies.

Dr. Zvi Lidar is a renowned neurosurgeon and shoulder replacement orthopedic surgeon certified in Israel and the USA. He specializes in neurosurgery in adults and children and has authored 30+ scientific papers on spinal surgery. He is a member of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Israel Neurosurgical Society, Israel Medicine Association, Israel Spine Society, and North American Spine Society.

Education

• 1988-1991 Graduated from the Faculty of Medicine at Tel Aviv University.
• 1991-1995, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University.

Specialization

• Internship: 1996-2002, Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Hospital, Tel Hashomer.
• Specializes in small and open spine surgery, Milwaukee, WI, USA.

Recognized experience

• Neurosurgery specialist
• Spine surgery

Continuous education

• 2002-2004, Postgraduate education in spine surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
• 2004 Advanced training in minimally invasive spine surgery, Memphis, USA.
• 2004 Director of the Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Course, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
• 2005 Advanced training in oncological diseases of the spine, Kanazawa, Japan.

Clinical experience

• 1995-1996 Internship at the Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer.
• 1996-2002 Internship, Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer.
• 2002-2004 Specialization in spine surgery and minimally invasive surgery Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
• 2004 - Currently Senior Physician and Director of the Spinal Surgery Department of the Neurosurgery Department at Tel Aviv Medical Center.

Academic experience

• A practitioner for American students at the Tel Aviv University School of Medicine.
• Lecturer for medical students at the Tel Aviv University Faculty of Medicine.
• Lecturer for interns in orthopedics as part of further education at Tel Aviv University.
• Lecturer at the Tel Aviv Medical Center School of Nursing.
• Spine biomechanical researcher at the Medical College of Wisconsin Research Laboratory, USA.
• Researcher and developer of spine surgery with a miniature approach. European Neurological Association Guidelines for Tiny Spine Surgery.

Attending conferences

About 50 scientific presentations at national and international conferences

Professional publications

About 50 publications in international professional journals.

Membership in associations

• Membership in the World Neurosurgical Association WFNS.
• Membership in the American Spine Association (NASS).
• Israel Medical Association.
• Israel Neurosurgical Association.
• Israel Spinal Association.
• American Association of Neurological Surgeons.

Areas of special interest and activities

• Minimally invasive spine surgeries.
• Treatment of oncological diseases of the spine.
• Study of the biomechanics of spinal implants.

Dr. Ovadia Dror is an orthopedic surgeon who specializes in pediatric orthopedics. He focuses on spinal diseases and deformities in children and adolescents. He earned his medical degree from Ben-Gurion University. He also completed a fellowship in pediatric spinal surgery at Hospital St. Vincent de Paul in Paris.

Dr. Dror is a member of the Scoliosis Research Society, the Israeli Orthopedic Association, and the European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society. He is known for advanced surgical techniques, such as minimally invasive fusion surgery and anterior cervical discectomy. His clinical results are consistently above national standards. This reflects his skill and commitment to pediatric spinal care.

Specialization

• spinal deformities in adults and children;
• robotic spine surgery;
• intervertebral hernias;
• spinal tumors;
• spinal column injuries.

Education and advanced training courses

• 1999 - 2002 – received medical education at the Hebrew University.
• 2002 - 2005 – completed Master's degree.
• 2005 – completed courses in cardiology and trauma resuscitation.
• 2006 - 2012 – completed internship and residency in orthopedics at Hadassah University Hospital.
• 2010 – completed a basic course in orthopedic traumatology.
• 2014 – completed a course in pediatric vertebrology at the Orthopedic Association.
• 2014 – completed a course for department heads at the Association of Orthopedists.

Professional biography

After completing his internship, he worked as a physician in a refugee camp (Kampala, Uganda) under the auspices of the Global Youth Movement for Africa (2007). He returned to Hadassah, where he worked in the orthopedic department during his residency.

From 2013 to 2014, he was an attending spine surgeon at the Bronx Hospital (New York). After returning to Israel, he currently works as a spine surgeon in the orthopedic department.

He actively uses robotic equipment and, together with the clinic’s team of doctors, has performed many complex operations to restore the structure of the spinal column.

Scientific activity

Participated in various clinical studies in California, Switzerland, and the USA. Teaches at the University of Jerusalem and Cornell Weill University, is a member of the Association of Orthopedists and the Congress of Vertebrologists (Milan). Has repeatedly received grants for research in the field of vertebrology. In 2017, he received an associate professor degree. Has a number of articles published in scientific journals.

EDUCATION:

• Turhan and Mediha Tansel Primary School (1979–1984)
• Kültür College (1984–1988)
• Semiha Şakir High School (1988–1991)
• Marmara University Faculty of Medicine (1991–1997)
• Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Specialist Training (1997–2002)
• Title of Associate Professor in Neurosurgery (May 31, 2021)

ADDITIONAL TRAINING:

• "Visiting Physician," University of Southern California, Department of Neurosurgery (1998)
• "Microsurgery Training," GATA (Gülhane Military Medical Academy), Ankara Education and Research Hospital (2003)

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

• Gülhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpaşa Training and Research Hospital (2002–2003)
• Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital (2003–2005)
• Private Avicenna Ataşehir Hospital (2005–2012)
• Private 29 Mayıs Hospital (2012–2013)
• Maltepe State Hospital (2013–2018)
• Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital (2018–2020)
• Private Academic Hospital (2020–2022)
• Hisar Intercontinental Hospital (2022–2024)
• Private Medipol Acıbadem Regional Hospital (2024–Present)

ADMINISTRATIVE AND ACADEMIC ROLES:

• Board Member, Neurosurgical Society (2006–2009)
• Head of the Emergency Department, Maltepe State Hospital (2014–2016)
• Deputy Chief Physician, Private Academic Hospital (2020–2021)
• Advisory Board Member, Beykent University Faculty of Medicine (2018–2024)
• Faculty Member, Galata University Faculty of Health Sciences (2022–2024)
• Director, Continuous Education Center, Galata University (2022–2024)

Education and Expertise

1988: Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Medical Education, Istanbul

1996: Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic, Neurosurgery Specialist Training, Istanbul

Experience

1989 to 1996: Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic, Assistant Doctor, Istanbul

1996 to 1999: Private Respect Hospital, Specialist Doctor and Chief Physician, Istanbul

2000 to 2002: Bakırköy Mental and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, 1st Neurosurgery Clinic, Specialist Doctor, Istanbul

2002 to 2010: Ministry of Health Pendik State Hospital, Specialist Doctor, Istanbul

2008 to 2009: Participation in "Spinal Surgery Program" at Istanbul American Hospital Neurosurgery Clinic. Fellowship Days: 01.05.2008 - 31.12.2009

2010 to 2011: University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Monica Hospital Center for Spinal Surgery (Comprehensive Spine Center), Researcher (Fellow), California, USA

2011: Associate Professor

2014: Virginia University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Brain and Neurosurgery, Visiting Faculty Member, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

2012 to 2016: Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Brain and Neurosurgery, Istanbul

2016 to 2018: Vital Fulya Plaza, Fulya/Beşiktaş/Istanbul

Professional Memberships

-Turkish Neurosurgery Association
-Turkish Neurosurgery Association, Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Teaching and Training Group
-Turkish Spine Association
-AO Spine International
-Society for Minimal Intervention in Spinal Surgery
-Turkish Neurosurgery Association, Surgical Neurosurgery Group
-Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)

 

Dr. Andrew Kaye is a highly respected neurosurgeon with 47 years of experience. He specializes in brain tumor surgery, skull base procedures, pituitary tumor removal, and cerebral vascular surgery. He has led the Neurosurgery Department at Royal Melbourne Hospital. He also chaired the Neurosurgical Service of South Island in New Zealand.

Dr. Kaye graduated from the University of Melbourne. He completed further training at Oxford, Royal Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, and Cleveland Clinic. He has received the Ronald Bittner Award and the Medal of Honor from the International Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. Dr. Kaye is a member of several leading neurosurgical associations worldwide.

Dr. Samuel Moscovici is a top neurosurgeon in Jerusalem, Israel. He is known for treating Epidermoid Cyst, Schwannoma, and Neurosarcoidosis. He also performs advanced procedures like Endovascular Embolization and Stent Placement.

Dr. Moscovici has published 67 peer-reviewed articles in the past 15 years. His research shows his strong commitment to medical progress. He is highly rated in six specialized conditions, which highlights his skill and dedication to patient care.

Dr. Mehmet Ozek is a leading pediatric neurosurgeon with more than 35 years of experience. He focuses on brain and spinal surgery for children. He is well known for treating complex cranial and spinal malformations, brain tumors, and epilepsy in young patients.

Dr. Ozek has performed over 10,000 pediatric neurosurgical procedures. His work has achieved high success rates recognized worldwide. He has published more than 100 articles in peer-reviewed journals and written several book chapters. His research has helped advance pediatric neurosurgery on a global scale.

He is an active member of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. Dr. Ozek has received several international awards for his work. He holds leadership roles in global pediatric neurosurgical groups and regularly attends international scientific meetings.

Dr. Mustafa Gurelik is a neurosurgeon who graduated from Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine in 1989. He completed his specialization in 1997. He has worked at Cumhuriyet University, Sivas Anadolu Hospital, and Malatya Gözde Hospital.

Dr. Gurelik treats brain and spinal cord tumors, brain hemorrhages, spine diseases, and traumatic injuries to the head and spine. He is skilled in pituitary surgery, shunt and endoscopic procedures for hydrocephalus, and treatments for lumbar and neck hernias. He also manages cerebrovascular aneurysms and nerve compression syndromes such as carpal tunnel. Dr. Gurelik is known for his high success rates and dedication to advanced neurosurgical care.

Dr. Pedro J. Delgado leads the Hand Surgery service at HM Montepríncipe University Hospital. He is also the head of the Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery department. His team achieves high success rates in complex hand surgeries. They use advanced techniques and follow evidence-based practices.

Dr. Delgado’s service is known for its multidisciplinary approach and high standards. The team includes specialists with international fellowships and European diplomas. The department reports excellent patient outcomes. It is accredited by top medical organizations in hand surgery.

Dr. Borghesi leads the Neurosurgery Unit at Maria Cecilia Hospital, where his team performs around 1,000 advanced neurosurgical procedures annually. His approach combines years of experience with the latest technological innovations to ensure patients receive the most effective treatments available. Specializing in spinal surgeries (including cervical, dorsal, and lumbar procedures), Dr. Borghesi utilizes both posterior and anterior techniques to help patients regain mobility and relieve pain. Throughout his career, he has successfully performed over 4,500 complex surgeries, offering life-changing solutions for patients with challenging cranial and spinal conditions.

For brain tumor removal, he and his team employ advanced video-micro-surgical techniques, including the use of a digital microscope with 4K 3D imaging, which allows for enhanced precision and minimal invasiveness. Patients suffering from conditions like trigeminal neuralgia, facial spasms, and tumors of the posterior cranial fossa can benefit from Dr. Borghesi’s expertise in minimally invasive surgery, having treated over 400 cases with innovative techniques.

• Spinal Surgery: Expert in performing complex spinal surgeries (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) using the latest methods to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal degeneration, and more.
• Brain Tumor Removal: Specializes in minimally invasive brain surgery for the removal of extensive tumors using cutting-edge 3D orbital camera technology.
• Trigeminal Neuralgia: Successfully treated over 400 cases of trigeminal neuralgia and other cranial nerve disorders with minimally invasive techniques, providing relief for patients with less recovery time.
• Colloid Cyst Removal: The doctor specializes in complex surgeries to remove this benign but very rare tumor.

Dr. Borghesi has trained in various top-tier international hospitals, learning from the best to provide high-quality care to his patients:

• Spinal Unit at Schulthess Klinik in Zurich
• École de Chirurgie in Paris, specializing in skull base and spinal surgeries
• Brain Institute at the University of Florida, specializing in microsurgical brain procedures
• Microsurgical Laboratory at the University of Arkansas, with a focus on lumbar degenerative disorders

He is the author of numerous scientific publications in national and international journals and volumes. In 1997 he was consultant of the "Medical Review" Journal.

Prof. Dr. Gülşah Bademci is a physician specialized in the field of brain, nerve, spine, and spinal cord surgery. She graduated as the fourth-ranked student from Ankara University Faculty of Medicine in 1993. She obtained her title as a brain and nerve surgeon from the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine Department of Brain and Nerve Surgery in 2001. In 2008, she became an associate professor at the Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, and in 2021, she became a professor at the Yüksek İhtisas University Faculty of Medicine. She has contributed to numerous international publications, serving as a research and clinical fellow at the University of Arkansas Medical Sciences with Prof. Dr. M. Gazi Yaşargil, and as a research fellow at Yale University School of Medicine. She holds ECFMG America Board Step 1 and EANS European Board certificates. She speaks advanced-level English and has awards in tennis and swimming. She also pursues professional-level caricature art and medical illustration. In her 30-year career, she has performed numerous surgeries as a brain and nerve surgery specialist, particularly in spinal canal stenosis surgery, lumbar and cervical disc herniations, brain tumors, hydrocephalus surgery, and nerve compressions.

Trustworthy, attentive, successful neurosurgeon with over 34 years of experience, high rate of success and exceptional surgical skills, providing quality neurological service for patients, successfully treating over thousands of patients suffering from many severe, complex conditions of the brain, spine and the nerves. 

Experienced in performing treatment modalities like micro neurosurgery, endoscopic skull base surgery, endoscopic third ventriculostomy, minimally invasive spine surgery and percutaneous spine surgery. Keen on performing clinical research and attending national and international medical conferences to stay abreast of new technologies in the field. Compassionate and detail-oriented with excellent communication skills. Expertise in healthcare, education and program management. Adept at developing and implementing forward-thinking strategies to enhance patient outcomes and collective knowledge in the field. Desiring to bring skills and success. Focused on working closely with other medical professionals and following up with patients. Well-versed at emergency procedures and fast and accurate sanitation.

Work History

2020-01 – Current - Asst. Prof. Neurosurgeon

Istanbul Medipol University, Health Care Practice and Research Center Pendik Hospital

• He successfully treated and followed patients with cerebral hemorrhage, brain and spinal cord tumors, and patients with hydrocephalus.

• He performed transnasal pituitary surgeries with success.

• Also, many cervical lumbar and thoracic disc patients were successfully treated, and disc prosthesis were applied to some of them.

• He re-operated a degenerative spine patient who had been operated on before at another center and the patient regained his health.

• He also successfully treated patients with premature neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage.

2019-08 – 2020-01 - Neurosurgeon

Freelancer, Istanbul, Turkey

• Operated on patients' brains, spines and peripheral nerves to correct deformities, repair injuries, prevent and treat diseases and improve patients' motor functions. Performed successful operations for complex, advanced and complicated disease of the brain and spine some of which were operated unsuccessfully at other medical centers by different neurosurgeons.

• Offered advanced knowledge, leadership abilities and technical assistance with complex surgical cases.

• Maintained admitting privileges at local hospitals and provided quality follow-up care.

• Educated patients on recovery methods and times.

• Designed treatment plans for patients.

• Thoroughly assessed patients to identify medical condition and level of surgical risk.

• Founded a spinal surgery group with orthopedic surgeons and treated very advanced and severe vertebra deformities, spine abnormalities, scoliosis.

2018-12 - 2019-08 - Neurosurgeon

Alkafeel Super Speciality Hospital, Karbala, Iraq

• Conducted up to 5 operations per month to correct deformities in neurological and spinal systems, repair traumas, and treat diseases of different areas. Performed successful operations (success rate 100 percent : 90-95) for severe, complex and advanced diseases of the brain, spine and nerves in adults and children. (Cerebral intrinsic and extrinsic tumor surgery, posterior fossa surgery, spontaneous and traumatic intracranial hematomas, Interhemispheric 3th ventricle and lateral ventricle surgery, pontocerebellar angle tumor surgery, spinal instrumentation and fusion surgery, microdiscectomy cervical, thoracic, lumbar, pediatric cranial and spine anomaly surgery). Followed the patients postoperatively.

• Educated patients on recovery methods and times.

• Thoroughly assessed patients to identify medical condition and level of surgical risk.

• Performed emergency surgeries.

• Examined 900 patients in total in the outpatient clinic and gave medical treatments to them when necessary.

2015-10 - 2018-11 - Neurosurgeon

Medistate Kavacık Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

• Operated on patients' brains, spines and peripheral nerves to correct deformities, repair injuries, prevent and treat different advanced, complex severe diseases and improve patients' motor functions.

• Conducted up to operations per month to correct deformities in neurological and spinal systems, repair traumas, restore partial or full functionality and prevent and treat diseases of different areas. 

• Performed successful operations (success rate percent : 95) for severe, complex and advanced diseases of the brain , spine and nerves in adults and children.(Brain tumor, arachnoid cyst, intracerebral hematoma, spinal stenosis, hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele).Followed the patients postoperatively. 

• Educated patients on recovery methods and times Thoroughly assessed patients to identify medical condition and level of surgical risk.

• Performed emergency surgeries (intracerebral hematoma, intracerebral abscess).

• Examined 850 patients in total in the outpatient clinic and gave medical treatment to them when necessary.

1994-03 - 2015-09 - Neurosurgeon

Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

• Supervised trainees, medical students, residents and fellows to help each achieve proficiency in field.

• Conducted up to 20 operations per month to correct deformities in neurological and spinal systems, repair traumas, restore partial or full functionality and prevent and treat diseases of different areas. Performed successful operations (success rate: %90) for severe, complex and advanced diseases of the brain, spine and nerves in adults and children. (Skull base surgery, extended trans base approach, orbit zygomatic approach, presigmoid approach, orbital approaches, transcranial and lateral orbitotomy, Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, CSF leakage surgery, endoscopic, microscopic and transsphenoidal, transcranial. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and surgery of multiloculated hydrocephalus and pediatric neurosurgery. Cerebral intrinsic and extrinsic tumor surgery, posterior fossa surgery. Brain aneurysm, AVM and cavernoma surgery.

• Spontaneous and traumatic intracranial hematomas. Hemifacial spasm and trigeminal neuralgia surgery (microsurgical decompression) Interhemispheric 3th ventricle and lateral ventricle surgery. Pineal area surgery. Pontocerebellar angle tumor surgery.

• Foreman magnum tumors surgery. Surgery of hydrocephaly, Syringomyelia and craniovertebral animalia).Followed the patients postoperatively.

• Educated patients on recovery methods and times Thoroughly assessed patients to identify medical condition and level of surgical risk.

• Performed emergency surgeries (Epidural, subdural and intracerebral hematoma, vertebra fracture).

• Examined 500-700 patients per day in the outpatient clinic and gave medical treatment to them when necessary. Examined patients in the emergency service.

• Designed treatment plans for patients.

• Offered advanced knowledge, leadership abilities and technical assistance with complex surgical cases.

• Led and oversaw 15 medical personnel in operating room setting to perform surgeries.

• Led and oversaw medical personnel in operating room setting to perform surgeries.

Education

1982-09 - 1988-08

M.D.: Medicine And (Pre-Medicine)

Ankara University Medical School - Ankara

General Medicine Training for 6 years. Graduated with a high GPA.

1988-11 - 1994-05

Specialist Neurosurgery: Neuroscience

University of Health Sciences - Ankara

6 years of neurosurgery training.

• My thesis was on brain abscess and their clinical and laboratory evaluations

1995-05 - 1995-07

Neuroscience

The Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry.

Ankara

I attended the course for microsurgery at University of Hacettepe Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry.

1998-04 - 2019-05

Observer Doctor: Neuroscience

Department of Neurosurgery, MSU - Ann Arbour, 

Michigan USA

2012-05 - 2012-05

Neuro endoscopy: Neuroscience

Ghent University - Ghent, Belgium

International endoscopic neurosurgery workshop, 

Ghent, Belgium

I attended the workshop for endoscopic skull base operations the and Neuro endoscopic third ventriculostomy at University of Ghent Hospital

Skills

Micro neurosurgery - Excellent

Neuro endoscopy - Excellent

Cranial base endoscopy - Excellent

Minimal invasive surgery - Excellent

Percutaneous spinal surgery - Excellent

Neuronavigation – Excellent

Certifications

1995-04 Microsurgery

2012-05 Endoscopy

Languages

Turkish - Native

English - Advanced

Arabic - Novice

Affiliations

Turkish Neurosurgical Society

Turkish Medical Association

Accomplishments

• Trained team of staff nurses in medical office procedures to ensure consistent quality of care.

• Published 17 articles in national and international reviews and presented papers in medical congresses.

Interests and operations I perform

Vascular diseases of brain

Endoscopic hypophysis surgery

Tumors of brain, spine and medulla spinalis surgery

Endoscopic brain ventricle surgery

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy 

Traumas of brain and spine

Cervical, thoracic and lumbar disc hernias and narrow 

canal disease surgery

Spine instrumentation and fusion surgery

Baclofen pump and neurostimulators insertions

Hydrocephalus surgery

Congenital diseases of the brain and spine (pediatric 

neurosurgery)

Peripheral nerve surgery

Prof. Dr. Ilhan Elmaci adalah seorang ahli bedah saraf terkemuka. Ia dikenal karena keahliannya dalam bedah otak dan tulang belakang, neuroonkologi, dan bedah pangkal tengkorak. Ia telah bekerja di institusi terkemuka seperti Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Elmaci telah memperkenalkan teknik baru dalam bedah mikro dan bedah pangkal tengkorak endoskopi.

Ia adalah ketua pendiri Masyarakat Pangkal Tengkorak di Turki. Ia juga merupakan anggota aktif dari European Skull Base Society. Dr. Elmaci telah membantu memajukan bedah saraf melalui kerjasama tim lintas spesialisasi. Ia memimpin klinik bedah saraf pertama di Turki yang terakreditasi EANS. Ia juga memiliki akreditasi dari European Association of Neurosurgical Societies.

Dr. Elmaci telah menerbitkan lebih dari 110 makalah ilmiah dan memberikan lebih dari 250 presentasi di kongres. Karyanya terus memengaruhi praktik bedah saraf dan perawatan pasien di seluruh dunia.

Prof. Dr. Salih Murat İmer is a neurosurgeon with over 30 years of experience. He founded and led the Neurosurgery Department at Okan University Hospital. He has written 68 scientific articles and contributed to 9 book chapters. Dr. İmer has also presented at 33 international congresses, showing his influence in neurosurgery worldwide.

Dr. İmer holds advanced certifications in functional and stereotactic neurosurgery, Leksell Gamma Knife radiosurgery, and endoscopic spine surgery. He received specialized training in several European countries. He has worked with leading experts such as Prof. Matti Vapalahti and Prof. Juha Hernesniemi. Through these collaborations, he has helped improve neurosurgical practice and education around the world.