Kanker testis Perawatan di República da Coreia — Biaya 2026

Rumah sakit Korea Selatan terbaik untuk kanker testis termasuk Samsung Medical Center, Severance Hospital, dan Seoul National University Hospital. Fasilitas terakreditasi JCI ini menyediakan perawatan multidisiplin. Mereka menggunakan bedah robotik dan terapi proton. Diagnostik canggih seperti PET-CT dan tinjauan histopatologi memastikan penentuan stadium yang akurat bagi pasien internasional.

• Samsung Medical Center: Masuk dalam peringkat rumah sakit terbaik dunia menurut Newsweek. Melayani lebih dari 2.000.000 pasien setiap tahun.
• Severance Hospital: Menggunakan sistem robotik Da Vinci. Merupakan rumah sakit Korea pertama dengan akreditasi JCI.
• Asan Medical Center: Pusat multidisiplin terbesar di Korea. Melakukan lebih dari 65.000 operasi setiap tahun.
• Ewha Womans University: Berfokus pada kanker urogenital. Menawarkan bedah invasif minimal melalui sayatan kecil.

Wawasan Ahli Bookimed: Volume pasien yang tinggi adalah sinyal kualitas yang kritis di Korea untuk kondisi langka. Samsung Medical Center dan Asan Medical Center masing-masing menangani lebih dari 2.000.000 dan 180.000 pasien per tahun. Skala besar ini memastikan departemen patologi memiliki pengalaman khusus dengan jenis tumor testis yang langka. Hal ini menghasilkan penentuan stadium yang lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan pusat regional yang lebih kecil.

Konsensus Pasien: Pasien mencatat pentingnya memilih rumah sakit universitas utama di Seoul. Mereka lebih memilih pusat-pusat ini karena menangani bedah, patologi, dan onkologi dalam satu sistem terintegrasi.

Pengobatan kanker testis di Korea Selatan mengikuti protokol berkecepatan tinggi termasuk orkiektomi, kemoterapi, dan bedah robotik canggih. Pusat onkologi terkemuka di Seoul menggunakan pencitraan PET/CT dan sistem bedah Da Vinci. Fasilitas seperti Samsung Medical Center dan Severance Hospital mempertahankan akreditasi Joint Commission International untuk perawatan urogenital yang kompleks.

• Intervensi bedah: Orkiektomi inguinal radikal adalah pengobatan utama untuk mengangkat tumor dengan cepat.
• Diagnostik canggih: Pemindaian PET/CT dan perut beresolusi tinggi memastikan penentuan stadium yang akurat untuk deteksi penyebaran.
• Sistem robotik: Korea University Anam Hospital menggunakan metode robotik khusus untuk operasi kanker yang presisi.
• Onkologi medis: Protokol kemoterapi multi-siklus menangani kasus lanjut dengan tingkat keberhasilan yang tinggi.

Wawasan Pakar Bookimed: Rumah sakit Korea Selatan seperti Seoul National University Hospital dapat menangani volume pasien yang sangat besar, merawat lebih dari 10.000 orang setiap hari. Perputaran yang tinggi ini menciptakan kemahiran bedah yang luar biasa. Data menunjukkan pusat-pusat besar seperti Asan Medical Center melakukan lebih dari 65.000 operasi setiap tahun. Volume ini memastikan tim sangat terlatih dalam prosedur onkologi yang kompleks.

Konsensus Pasien: Pasien mencatat bahwa diagnosis dan operasi terjadi sangat cepat di Korea. Banyak yang menekankan pentingnya penyimpanan sperma sebelum kemoterapi dimulai untuk menjaga kesuburan.

Pengobatan kanker testis di Korea biasanya menjaga fungsi seksual. Sebagian besar pasien mempertahankan ereksi dan libido normal setelah orkiektomi. Risiko kesuburan ada karena kemoterapi atau radiasi. Pusat-pusat medis Korea memprioritaskan pembekuan sperma di fasilitas yang terakreditasi Joint Commission International untuk mengamankan opsi menjadi ayah di masa depan sebelum pengobatan dimulai.

• Dampak orkiektomi: Pengangkatan satu testis biasanya mempertahankan cukup testosteron untuk kinerja seksual yang normal.
• Pelestarian kesuburan: Klinik secara aktif menyarankan pembekuan sperma sebelum sesi kemoterapi atau radiasi panggul.
• Teknologi canggih: Sistem robotik invasif minimal seperti Da Vinci membantu melindungi saraf selama operasi.
• Kesehatan hormonal: Testis yang tersisa sering kali mengompensasi untuk memastikan dorongan dan energi yang normal.

Wawasan Pakar Bookimed: Samsung Medical Center dan Seoul National University Hospital menangani jutaan pasien setiap tahun. Volume pasien yang besar berarti ahli bedah sering melakukan teknik pelestarian saraf. Pengalaman ini sangat penting untuk menghindari ejakulasi retrograde. Memilih pusat medis dengan volume tinggi di Seoul sering kali menjamin perawatan khusus yang melindungi hasil fungsional.

Konsensus Pasien: Pasien menekankan bahwa kesuburan dan kinerja seksual adalah masalah yang terpisah. Meskipun pembekuan sperma adalah prioritas utama, banyak yang merasa kehidupan seks mereka tetap stabil setelah pemulihan bedah.

Perawatan kanker testis di Korea Selatan biasanya berlangsung dari beberapa minggu hingga beberapa bulan. Pusat-pusat yang sangat efisien seperti Samsung Medical Center memprioritaskan intervensi bedah yang cepat. Garis waktu total bergantung pada stadium, hasil patologi, dan apakah kemoterapi mengikuti prosedur orkiektomi awal.

• Fase bedah: Orkiektomi biasanya memerlukan 1–2 hari rawat inap untuk pemulihan.
• Stadium diagnostik: Patologi dan stadium PET-CT biasanya memakan waktu 1–2 minggu pascaoperasi.
• Siklus kemoterapi: Jika diperlukan, kemoterapi biasanya berlangsung 9–12 minggu selama beberapa siklus.
• Fase pengawasan: Pemindaian tindak lanjut dan pemeriksaan penanda berlanjut selama beberapa tahun pascaperawatan.

Wawasan Pakar Bookimed: Pusat onkologi Korea Selatan berspesialisasi dalam perawatan bervolume tinggi dan terdigitalisasi yang meminimalkan penundaan administratif. Seoul National University Hospital dan Asan Medical Center menangani ribuan pasien setiap hari. Skala ini memungkinkan normalisasi penanda tumor yang cepat dan transisi yang lebih cepat antara operasi dan kemoterapi dibandingkan dengan banyak fasilitas Eropa.

Konsensus Pasien: Pasien merasa fase medis sangat cepat, dengan operasi sering dijadwalkan segera setelah diagnosis. Sebagian besar menekankan bahwa garis waktu yang sebenarnya melibatkan menunggu hasil patologi dan berkomitmen pada pemindaian pengawasan jangka panjang.

Anda tidak perlu berbicara bahasa Korea untuk menerima perawatan kanker testis di Korea Selatan. Rumah sakit besar yang terakreditasi JCI di Seoul menyediakan pusat layanan kesehatan internasional khusus. Fasilitas ini mempekerjakan koordinator berbahasa Inggris dan penerjemah medis untuk menangani konsultasi onkologi, laporan patologi, dan perencanaan bedah.

• Departemen internasional: Klinik seperti Severance Hospital memiliki pusat khusus untuk pasien asing.
• Layanan penerjemahan: Rumah sakit besar menyediakan interpretasi medis profesional untuk diskusi onkologi yang kompleks.
• Dokumentasi medis: Pusat layanan tingkat atas sering kali menyediakan hasil diagnostik dan ringkasan pemulangan dalam bahasa Inggris.
• Sertifikasi profesional: Institusi seperti Korea University Anam Hospital mempertahankan akreditasi JCI dan GHA.

Wawasan Pakar Bookimed: Meskipun dokter di pusat layanan seperti Samsung Medical Center sering berbicara bahasa Inggris, staf administrasi mungkin tidak. Data menunjukkan bahwa rumah sakit multidisiplin besar, seperti SNUH atau Asan Medical Center, menangani lebih dari 10.000 pasien setiap hari. Volume yang tinggi ini berarti mereka memiliki sistem yang mapan untuk logistik internasional yang tidak dimiliki oleh klinik lokal yang lebih kecil.

Konsensus Pasien: Pasien mencatat bahwa sangat membantu untuk memiliki ringkasan medis tertulis dalam bahasa Inggris. Banyak yang menekankan bahwa meskipun ahli bedah memahami terminologi medis, menavigasi instruksi apotek atau dokumen asuransi jauh lebih mudah dengan koordinator khusus.

Pasien dapat mengakses uji klinis fase 2 dan 3 untuk kanker testis di Korea melalui pusat akademik utama. Fasilitas seperti Asan Medical Center dan Samsung Medical Center melakukan penelitian tentang tumor sel germinal. Partisipasi memerlukan pemenuhan kriteria kelayakan yang ketat di bawah pengawasan Dewan Peninjau Institusional.

• Pusat khusus: Institusi besar seperti Asan Medical Center melakukan penelitian onkologi yang ekstensif.
• Kriteria kelayakan: Pasien harus sesuai dengan penanda tumor spesifik dan riwayat pengobatan sebelumnya.
• Standar regulasi: Uji coba mengikuti protokol keamanan Organisasi Internasional untuk Standardisasi dan Joint Commission International.
• Infrastruktur digital: Rumah Sakit Bundang Universitas Nasional Seoul menggunakan sistem digital canggih untuk skrining pasien.

Wawasan Pakar Bookimed: Volume penelitian Korea sangat besar, dengan Severance Hospital saja menangani 4.000.000 pasien rawat jalan setiap tahun. Perputaran pasien yang tinggi di pusat-pusat seperti Samsung Medical Center, yang menangani lebih dari 2.000.000 pasien, mempercepat pendaftaran uji coba. Skala ini sering kali memberi pasien akses lebih cepat ke protokol baru dibandingkan dengan pusat regional yang lebih kecil.

Konsensus Pasien: Pasien mencatat bahwa datang dengan laporan patologi lengkap dan penanda tumor sangat penting untuk skrining uji coba. Mereka menekankan bahwa ahli onkologi Anda harus mendorong proses rujukan ke rumah sakit tersier utama.

Persiapan untuk janji temu kanker testis pertama Anda di Republik Korea memerlukan pengumpulan rekam medis, pencitraan diagnostik, dan laporan patologi. Pasien harus membawa hasil CT scan atau MRI serta hasil tes darah. Hal ini memungkinkan ahli onkologi untuk bergerak cepat menuju penentuan stadium dan perencanaan perawatan.

• Dokumentasi medis: Bawa laporan asli USG, CT, atau MRI serta nilai laboratorium.
• Linimasa gejala: Catat kapan Anda melihat benjolan, perubahan rasa sakit, atau pola pembengkakan.
• Perencanaan kesuburan: Bersiaplah untuk mendiskusikan penyimpanan sperma sebelum memulai operasi atau kemoterapi.
• Persiapan diagnostik: Harapkan pemeriksaan fisik, tes penanda tumor, atau pencitraan segera.

Wawasan Pakar Bookimed: Fasilitas besar Korea seperti Samsung Medical Center atau Asan Medical Center memproses ribuan pasien rawat jalan setiap hari. Volume yang tinggi ini berarti janji temu berjalan sangat cepat. Pasien harus datang dengan semua catatan yang telah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris atau Korea untuk menghindari penundaan dalam jadwal perawatan mereka.

Konsensus Pasien: Pasien menekankan bahwa ahli onkologi bekerja lebih cepat ketika mereka melihat pencitraan asli daripada riwayat lisan. Banyak yang menyarankan untuk membawa pendamping untuk membantu mengelola dokumen berat yang umum terjadi di rumah sakit besar di Seoul.

Radical inguinal orchiectomy is the primary treatment for testicular cancer in the Republic of Korea. This surgery removes the affected testicle and spermatic cord. Major Seoul hospitals use PET-CT scans and robotic systems. These technologies confirm diagnosis and remove tumours quickly.

• Secondary therapy: Specialists may recommend adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy based on cancer stage.
• Robotic surgery: Centres like Korea University Anam Hospital use robotic systems for precise tumour staging.
• Advanced diagnostics: PET-CT and histopathology revision at Asan Medical Center ensure accurate treatment planning.
• Expert care: Severance Hospital partners with MD Anderson to deliver American-standard oncology protocols.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Major Korean centres like Samsung Medical Center operate dedicated cancer centres with 17 disease-specific departments. This specialised structure allows testicular cancer patients to receive care from urologists and oncologists. These specialists handle thousands of similar cases annually. Access to unified digital systems across Seoul hospitals helps specialists share real-time imaging for faster surgical decisions.

Patient Consensus: Patients note that major university hospitals provide the most reliable care for complex oncology. They find it helpful to clarify pathology reports and tumour markers early. This helps them plan for recovery and potential chemotherapy cycles.

Advanced testicular cancer treatment in South Korea involves intensive chemotherapy regimens. These are combined with precision surgery. The regimens include BEP or EP. Major Seoul centres use robotic systems for lymph node removal. They also offer high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplants. This is for cases that return after initial treatment.

• Standard chemotherapy: Oncologists use BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin) or EP for metastatic germ cell tumours.
• Robotic lymphadenectomy: Surgeons at Korea University Anam Hospital perform precise, minimally invasive removal of affected lymph nodes.
• Targeted radiation: Facilities like Gangnam Severance Hospital provide Tomotherapy for accurate radiation that protects healthy tissue.
• Advanced diagnostics: Clinics use PET-CT and 3.0T MRI to map cancer spread precisely before beginning surgery.
• Bloodless options: Hospitals like Soon Chun Hyang offer specialised surgery for patients requiring treatment without blood transfusions.

Bookimed Expert Insight: While many search for general urology, South Korea's advantage lies in its super-specialised hubs. Samsung Medical Center operates Asia's largest dedicated cancer centre with 17 disease-specific departments. This concentration of expertise allows for same-day consultations and tests. This speed is vital when managing metastatic spread.

Patient Consensus: Patients emphasise the need for immediate blood marker tests and CT scans. These track spread to the lungs or abdomen. Fast-tracked treatment in South Korea is highly valued. Delays can make advanced cases much harder to manage.

Testicular cancer treatment in South Korea may temporarily or permanently impact fertility. Leading Seoul centres use robotic systems and nerve-sparing techniques to protect reproductive function. Doctors strongly recommend sperm banking before starting chemotherapy or radiotherapy. This helps keep future family planning options available.

• Surgical impact: Removing one testicle usually allows the remaining one to maintain normal fertility levels.
• Robotic precision: Asan Medical Centre uses da Vinci systems to spare nerves during lymph node surgery.
• Radiation: Samsung Medical Centre offers proton beam therapy to limit radiation exposure to healthy tissue.
• Sperm preservation: JCI-accredited facilities like Severance Hospital prioritise sperm cryopreservation immediately following a diagnosis.

Bookimed Expert Insight: South Korean oncology hubs offer same-day consultations and tests for new patients. For example, Korea University Anam Hospital provides both. This speed is critical for fertility. It allows patients to complete sperm banking and diagnostic workups within 24 hours. Fast-tracking these steps lets life-saving treatment begin without compromising the window for effective fertility preservation.

Patient Consensus: Patients in South Korea emphasise that chemotherapy poses the highest risk. However, fertility often recovers naturally after 2 years. They suggest requesting a semen analysis post-treatment rather than assuming permanent infertility has occurred.

Testicular cancer treatment in South Korea may temporarily or permanently affect fertility. Leading Seoul centres use nerve-sparing robotic surgery and mandatory sperm banking to protect future paternity. Most men regain fertility within 24–60 months after finishing chemotherapy or radiation treatment.

• Surgical impact: Removing one testicle rarely causes infertility as the remaining organ compensates.
• Nerve preservation: Surgeons at Severance Hospital use Da Vinci robots to protect ejaculatory function.
• Advanced recovery: Centres like Asan Medical Center offer testicular sperm extraction for post-treatment needs.
• Sperm banking: Facilities like Samsung Medical Center prioritise immediate cryopreservation before starting any treatment.

Bookimed Expert Insight: South Korea's high-volume cancer centres, including Seoul National University Hospital, report some of the world's highest success rates for urogenital cancers. Researching centres with dedicated international departments often reveals integrated fertility preservation units. These units coordinate with oncologists so sperm banking occurs within 24 hours of diagnosis. This prevents treatment delays.

Patient Consensus: Patients emphasise that fertility often returns naturally within eighteen months of chemotherapy. They recommend getting a semen analysis six months after treatment in the Republic of Korea. They do not recommend assuming permanent loss.

Radical inguinal orchiectomy is the primary treatment for testicular cancer in South Korea. Surgeons remove the affected testicle and spermatic cord through a groin incision. Leading Seoul centres often achieve survival rates above 95% for early-stage cases. This success comes from intensive, multidisciplinary care.

• Surgical approach: Specialists perform orchiectomy first to prevent cancer cells from spreading.
• Systemic therapy: Doctors use BEP or EP chemotherapy regimens for stage 2 cases.
• Active surveillance: Specialists monitor low-risk patients closely after surgery to avoid unnecessary chemo.
• Lymph node surgery: Surgeons perform RPLND to remove abdominal lymph nodes if spread occurs.

Bookimed Expert Insight: South Korea is home to massive cancer hubs. Samsung Medical Center, for example, treats 2 million outpatients annually. These high-volume centres often provide same-day consultations and tests for new cancer patients. This speed is vital for testicular cancer. Quicker surgery can often prevent the need for chemotherapy.

Patient Consensus: Patients note that Korean hospitals provide extensive work-ups very quickly. They often complete scans and tumour markers before immediate surgery. Those treated in Seoul appreciate the high level of care. It costs significantly less than in the United States.

In the Republic of Korea, testicular cancer diagnosis involves physical exams, scrotal ultrasound, and blood tumour markers. Radiologists and urologists use imaging like PET-CT and 3.0T MRI at JCI-accredited centres in Seoul. Pathologists provide definitive diagnosis through the histological review of surgically removed tissue.

• Scrotal ultrasound: This non-invasive scan distinguishes solid tumours from fluid-filled cysts.
• Tumour markers: Pathologists measure AFP, beta-hCG, and LDH levels in the blood.
• Inguinal orchiectomy: Specialists remove the testicle surgically to confirm the cancer type.
• Staging scans: Oncologists use abdominal CT and PET-CT scans to check spread.

Bookimed Expert Insight: South Korean oncology centres focus on same-day diagnostic pathways for suspected tumours. Korea University Anam Hospital offers same-day consultations and tests for new cancer patients. At major Seoul hospitals, this rapid turnaround is standard. Samsung Medical Center, for example, performs over 45,000 surgeries annually. This minimises the psychological burden on international patients during the critical staging phase.

Patient Consensus: South Korean doctors often move quickly once imaging shows a solid mass. Patients note that ultrasound is the key first test for any concerning lump, while surgery provides the final confirmation.

Active surveillance is a standard option for early-stage testicular cancer in South Korea. It typically follows a radical inguinal orchiectomy surgery. This approach is preferred for Stage 1 cases with low recurrence risk. Specialist centres in Seoul use frequent scans and blood tests. These monitor patients for at least 5 years.

• Patient eligibility: Primarily for Stage 1 cases with clear margins and normal tumour markers.
• Core objective: Aims to avoid unnecessary chemotherapy or radiotherapy and their long-term toxicities.
• Monitoring protocol: Includes regular serum marker tests, physical exams, and abdominal CT scans.
• Clinical safety: Research confirms surveillance is a safe management strategy with high survival rates.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Major Seoul hospitals like Seoul National University Hospital and Korea University Anam Hospital provide same-day consultations and tests. This efficiency is vital for international patients on surveillance. These digital-first hospitals use integrated imaging systems. This allows doctors to precisely track tiny lymph node changes over years.

Patient Consensus: Patients in South Korea appreciate avoiding chemotherapy side effects but notice the stress of regular monitoring. They often suggest confirming that the clinic follows international protocols for Stage 1 seminoma. This should be done before starting.

To find a testicular cancer specialist in South Korea, target urologic oncology departments at JCI-accredited tertiary hospitals. Leading institutions like Severance Hospital and Samsung Medical Center offer multidisciplinary teams. These centres provide robotic surgery and same-day consultations for urgent oncology cases.

• Specialist centres: Samsung Medical Center houses Asia's largest cancer centre with 17 departments.
• Clinical pathways: Initial diagnosis begins with a urologist before moving to an oncology team.
• Accreditation standards: Look for KOIHA or JCI logos indicating international safety protocols.
• Efficient scheduling: Korea University Anam Hospital offers same-day tests and admission for new patients.

Bookimed Expert Insight: While many search for niche 'testicular cancer' clinics, Korea's medical system centralises this expertise within broad urology departments at academic hospitals. Seoul National University Hospital handles 30,000 international patients annually, showcasing a robust infrastructure for complex cancer care. A high-volume centre like Asan Medical Center performs 55,000+ operations yearly. Choosing such a centre means surgeons have handled various case complexities.

Patient Consensus: Patients note that visiting major university hospitals in Seoul provides access to top specialists and English-speaking coordinators. It is often necessary to get a referral from a local clinic. This referral is required before booking at these larger tertiary centres.

Patients should bring comprehensive medical records for testicular cancer treatment in South Korea. Specialists require pathology slides, surgical reports, and DICOM imaging files to provide accurate second opinions. These documents must be in English or Korean. Ideally, they should be under 6 months old.

• Imaging files: Provide full DICOM digital files for CT, MRI, and PET-CT scans.
• Pathology samples: Carry 1 stained and 10 unstained tissue slides for diagnosis verification.
• Tumour markers: Include recent laboratory results for AFP and HCG markers to stage cancer.
• Support services: Centres like Seoul National University Hospital provide 24/7 interpreter services for records.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Samsung Medical Center and Severance Hospital maintain formal partnerships with top US institutions. These include the Mayo Clinic and Johns Hopkins. These connections mean Korean oncologists are accustomed to reviewing international medical dossiers. Patients should make sure oncology letters and treatment summaries are provided in written form. This facilitates high-level collaborative review.

Patient Consensus: Patients note that bringing original paper copies of oncology letters and treatment summaries is essential. This applies when they come to South Korea. They also suggest keeping medications in original packaging. They also recommend requesting English versions from home hospitals to avoid delays.

Patients can receive a testicular prosthesis in the Republic of Korea. Specialist urologists at JCI-accredited Seoul hospitals perform this procedure. It restores cosmetic appearance after an orchidectomy. Many clinics offer robotic-assisted techniques. This means high precision and faster recovery times.

• Procedure timing: Implants are placed during orchidectomy or as a separate later surgery.
• Clinical expertise: Korea University Anam Hospital specialises in urology and robotic surgery.
• Quality standards: Severance Hospital and Samsung Medical Center hold Newsweek World's Best Hospital rankings.
• Patient support: Seoul National University Hospital provides 24/7 interpreter services for international patients.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Many centres perform orchidectomies. However, choosing a urology specialist like those at Korea University Anam Hospital is beneficial. They have experience with robotic bladder and urogenital reconstructions. This suggests a high level of surgical refinement. This expertise is vital for helping the prosthesis sit naturally and match the remaining anatomy.

Patient Consensus: Patients note that the prosthesis feels firmer than a real testicle. However, the visual result is often indistinguishable. Many advisers in South Korea suggest discussing timing early. Scrotal skin can shrink if the implant is delayed.

Testicular cancer treatment in South Korea takes between several weeks and 7 months. Initial surgery usually requires a 1–2 day hospital stay. Chemotherapy regimens typically span 9–12 weeks across multiple cycles. Highly efficient centres in Seoul often provide diagnostic results within 1–2 weeks to expedite care.

• Surgical duration: Primary orchiectomy surgery takes approximately 1 hour with a 2–4 week recovery.
• Chemotherapy cycles: Typical BEP regimens involve 3–4 cycles, with each 21-day cycle requiring monitoring.
• Diagnostic speed: PET-CT staging and pathology results usually arrive within 7–14 days in major hubs.
• Complex cases: Patients requiring lymphadenectomy or additional radiation may extend treatment to 7 months.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Korea University Anam Hospital offers same-day consultation, testing, and admission for new oncology patients. This rapid intake is distinct from Australia's public system wait times. South Korean facilities like Samsung Medical Center also house Asia's largest cancer centres. They manage over 2 million outpatients annually. So doctors have seen virtually every case type.

Patient Consensus: Patients note that chemotherapy often follows a weekly rhythm. Heavy infusion days are followed by recovery weeks. Those travelling to South Korea usually plan for at least 4 months. This covers surgery, chemotherapy, and final scans.